This is the
second (and last) part of my discussion of whether or not it is appropriate to
pray to the Person of the Holy Spirit. Part 1 is here. Owen, in his classic Communion with God the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, argues that it is indeed appropriate.
Briefly, what Owen affirms is that Biblical benedictions are originally a
form of invocation or prayer, so that the Divine benedictions that mention all
three Persons of the Trinity demonstrate that prayer to each of the Persons is
appropriate. Thus, consider the
following texts:
The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love
of God, and the communion of the Holy Ghost, be with you all. Amen. (2
Corinthians 13:14)
John to the seven churches which are in Asia:
Grace be
unto you, and peace, from him which is, and which was, and which is to come;
and from the seven Spirits which are before his throne; and from Jesus Christ, who
is the
faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings
of the earth. (Revelation 1:4-5)
Owen argues that these benedictions involve
invocation of the three Persons mentioned. Therefore, Scripture provides warrant for prayer to the Holy
Spirit, as well as to the Father and the Son.
While
sympathetic to Owen and recognizing his tremendous theological prowess, my
initial reaction to this argument was negative. Owen is not infallible, of course—his arguments for, say,
paedobaptism or limited atonement are erroneous. Consider the following sentence: “May you receive grace in the eyes of the judge, and peace
with your boss at work.” Why would
2 Corinthians 13:14 or Revelation 1:4-5 actually involve prayer to the Father,
Son, and Spirit, but a statement like my preceding example not require prayer
to one’s boss or a human judge?
Are they not identical?
Thus, I found Owen’s argument unconvincing.
However,
things are not quite so simple.
Maybe the two statements are not really identical. Consider the explanation of Owen’s
argument for prayer or invocation undergirding Divine benedictions below, from Commentary
on Hebrews
7:7 (“And without all contradiction the less is blessed of the better.”) I have put my comments in below in
brackets [like this]. I would highly advise looking up the passages Owen references, as they definitely contribute to his argument:
But what if Abraham was thus blessed by Melchisedec, doth this
prove that he was less than he by whom he was blessed? It doth so, saith the
apostle, and that by virtue of an unquestionable general rule: [“And without all
contradiction the less is blessed of the better.” . . . The words prevent an
objection, which is supposed, not expressed; and therefore are they continued
with those foregoing by the conjunction de, as carrying on what was before
asserted by a further illustration and confirmation of it. And there is in
them,
1. The manner of the assertion; and,
2. The proposition itself: —
1. The manner of it is in these words . . . “Without,” beyond, above,
“all reasonable contradiction.” A truth this is
that cannot, that will not be gainsaid, which none will deny or
oppose; as that which is evident in the light of nature, and which the order of
the things spoken of doth require. . . .
2. The proposition thus modified, is, That “the less is blessed of
the greater;” that is, wherein one is orderly blessed by another, he that is
blessed is therein less than, or beneath in dignity unto, him by whom he is
blessed, as it is expressed in the Syriac translation. Expositors generally on
this place distinguish the several sorts of benedictions that are in use and
warrantable among men, that so they may fix on that concerning which the rule
here mentioned by the apostle will hold unquestionably. But as unto the
especial design of the apostle, this labor may be spared: for he treats only of
sacerdotal benedictions; and with respect to them, the rule is not only
certainly true, but openly evident. But to illustrate the whole, and to show
how far the rule mentioned may be extended, we may reduce all sorts of
blessings unto four heads: —
(1.) There is benedictio potestativa; that is, such a
blessing as consists in an actual efficacious collation on [conference
on], or communication of the matter of the blessing unto, the person blessed.
Thus God alone can bless absolutely. He is the only fountain of all goodness,
spiritual, temporal, eternal, and so of the whole entire matter of blessing,
containing it all eminently and virtually in himself. And he alone can
efficiently communicate it unto, or collate [confer] it on any others; which he
doth as seemeth good unto him, “according to the counsel of his own will.” All
will grant, that with respect hereunto the apostle’s maxim is unquestionable; —
God is greater than man. Yea, this kind of blessing ariseth from, or dependeth
solely on, that infinite distance that is between the being or nature of God
and the being of all creatures. This is God’s blessing . . . an “addition of
good,” as the Jews call it; a real communication of grace, mercy, privileges,
or whatever the matter of the blessing be.
(2.) There is benedictio authoritativa. This is when
men, in the name, that is, by the appointment and warranty, of God, do declare
any to be blessed, pronouncing the blessings unto them whereof they shall be
made partakers.
And this kind of blessing was of old of two sorts:
[1.] Extraordinary, by virtue of especial immediate
inspiration, or a spirit of prophecy.
[2.] Ordinary, by virtue of office and institution. In the first
way Jacob blessed his sons; which he calls a declaration of “what should befall
them in the last days,” Genesis 49:1. And such were all the solemn patriarchal
benedictions; as that of Isaac, when he had infallible direction as to the blessing,
but not in his own mind as to the person to be blessed, Genesis 27:27-29. So
Moses blessed the children of Israel in their respective tribes, Deuteronomy
33:1. In the latter, the priests, by virtue of God’s ordinance, were to bless
the people with this authoritative blessing:
“And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, Speak unto Aaron, and
unto his sons, saying, On this wise ye shall bless the children of Israel,
saying unto them, The LORD bless thee, and keep thee; the LORD make his face
shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee; the LORD lift up his countenance
upon thee, and give thee peace. And they shall put my name upon the children of
Israel; and I will bless them,” Numbers 6:22-27.
The whole nature of this kind of blessing is here exemplified. It
is founded in God’s express institution and command. And the nature of it
consists in “putting the name of God upon the people;” that is, declaring
blessings unto them in the name of God, praying blessings for them on his
command. [That is, Owen argues that
this type of blessing involves both the declaration of blessing to men and
the invocation of God for blessing.
Men declare God’s blessing and invoke Him for it; the One invoked, or in the case of the
Trinitarian Divine Persons, the Three who bless are the Three invoked.]
Wherefore the word “bless” is used in a twofold sense in this institution: Verse 23, “Ye shall bless the children
of Israel,” is spoken of the priests; verse 27, “I will bless them,” is spoken
of God. The blessing is the same,—declared by the priests, and effected by God.
They blessed declaratively, he efficiently. And the blessing
of Melchisedec in this place seems to have a mixture in it of both these. For
as it is plain that he blessed Abraham by virtue of his sacerdotal office, — which
our apostle principally considereth, — so I make no question but he was
peculiarly acted by immediate inspiration from God in what he did. And in this
sort of blessing the apostolical maxim maintains its evidence in the light of
nature.
(3.) There is benedictio charitativa. This is, when
one is said to bless another by praying for a blessing on him, or using the
means whereby he may obtain a blessing. This may be done by superiors, equals,
inferiors, any or all persons mutually towards one another. See 1 Kings 8:14,
55, 56; 2 Chronicles 6:3; Proverbs 30:11. This kind of blessing, it being only
improperly so, wherein the act or duty is demonstrated by its object, doth not
belong unto this rule of the apostle. [While the benedictio charitativa does not relate
to Hebrews 7:7, if one looks at the texts Owen quotes here, it is clear that
prayer to the God who gives the blessing is involved in the benedictio on the
people. Thus:
14 And the king turned his face about, and blessed all the
congregation of Israel: (and all the congregation of Israel stood;) 15
And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, which spake with his mouth
unto David my father, and hath with his hand fulfilled it, saying, . . .
Here, the benediction upon the people is the invocation of the
Blessing One for the blessing.
Note the same thing below:
55 And he stood, and blessed all the congregation of Israel
with a loud voice, saying, 56 Blessed be the LORD, that
hath given rest unto his people Israel, according to all that he promised:
there hath not failed one word of all his good promise, which he promised by
the hand of Moses his servant. 57 The LORD our God be with us, as he was
with our fathers: let him not leave us, nor forsake us: 58 That he may
incline our hearts unto him, to walk in all his ways, and to keep his
commandments, and his statutes, and his judgments, which he commanded our
fathers. 59 And let these my words, wherewith I have made supplication
before the LORD, be nigh unto the LORD our God day and night, that he maintain
the cause of his servant, and the cause of his people Israel at all times, as
the matter shall require: 60 That all the people of the earth may know
that the LORD is God, and that there is none else. 61 Let your heart
therefore be perfect with the LORD our God, to walk in his statutes, and to
keep his commandments, as at this day. (1 Kings 18:55-61)
Solomon’s blessing the people was his prayer to God for God to
bless them. The same holds for 2
Chronicles 6:3, and Proverbs 30:11 appears to be another definite example of
this benedictio charitativa.]
(4.) There is benedictio reverentialis. Hereof God is
the object. So men are said often to “bless God,” and to “bless his holy name:”
which is mentioned in the Scripture as a signal duty of all that fear and love
the Lord. Now this blessing of God is a declaration of his praises, with a
holy, reverential, thankful admiration of his excellencies. But this belongs
not at all unto the design of the apostle, nor is regulated by this general
maxim, but is a particular instance of the direct contrary, wherein, without
controversy, the greater is blessed of the less. It is the second sort of
blessings [the benedictio authoritativa] that is alone here [in Hebrews
7:7] intended; and that is mentioned as an evident demonstration of the dignity
of Melchisedec, and his pre-eminence above Abraham.
Obs. 4. It is a great mercy and privilege, when God will
make use of any in the blessing of others with spiritual mercies. — It is God
alone who originally and efficiently can do so, who can actually and infallibly
collate a blessing on any one. Therefore is he said to “bless us with all
spiritual blessings in heavenly things,” Ephesians 1:3. There is no one
blessing but he is the sole author and worker of it. But yet, also, he maketh
use of others, severally, in various degrees of usefulness, for their
communication. And this he doth, both to fill up that order of all things in
dependence on himself, wherein he will be glorified; and also to make some
partakers in his especial grace and favor, by using them in the collation of
good things, yea, the best things, on others. For what greater privilege can
any one be made partaker of, than to be an instrument in the hand of God in the
communication of his grace and goodness? And a privilege it is whose exercise
and improvement must be accounted for. I speak not, therefore, of them whose
benedictions are euctical [“Euctical . . . Expecting a wish;
supplicatory.” Webster’s
Dictionary] and charitative only, in their mutual prayers; but of such as
are in some sense authoritative. [Yet notice that all these kinds of
benediction have prayer undergirding them.] Now, a man blesseth by the way of
authority, when he doth it as an especial ordinance, as he is called and
appointed of God thereunto. Peculiar institution gives peculiar authority. So
parents bless their children and households, and ministers the church: —
1. Parents bless their children in the name of the Lord several ways:
. . . By prayer for them. So David blessed his household, 2 Samuel 6:20. For
besides the duty of prayer absolutely considered, there is in those prayers, by
the appointment of God, an especial plea for and application of the promises of
the covenant unto them which we ourselves have received. So it is expressed in
the prayer of David, 2 Samuel 7:29. “Therefore now let it please thee to bless
the house of thy servant, that it may continue for ever before thee: for thou,
O Lord GOD, hast spoken it: and with thy blessing let the house of thy servant
be blessed for ever.” . . .
2. Ministers bless the church. It is part of their ministerial duty,
and it belongs unto their office so to do:
(1.) They do it by putting the name of God upon the
church. This was the way whereby the priests blessed the people of old, Numbers
6:27. And this putting the name of God upon the church, is by the right and
orderly celebration of all the holy ordinances of worship of his appointment. .
. .
(4.) How they bless the church by prayer and example, may be
understood from what hath been spoken concerning those things with respect unto
parents. The authority that is in them depends on God’s especial institution,
which exempts them from and exalts them above the common order of mutual
charitative benedictions.
(5.) They bless the
people declaratively; as a pledge whereof it hath been always of use in
the church, at the close of the solemn duties of its assemblies, wherein the
name of God is put upon it, to bless the people by express mention of the
blessing of God, which they pray for upon them. But yet, because the same thing
is done in the administration of all other ordinances, and this benediction is
only euctical, or by the way of prayer, I shall not plead for the necessity of
it. . . .
Thus, Owen’s argument is that the benedictio
authoritativa, charitativa, and reverentialis all involve prayer to God for the benediction
invoked upon those that receive it.
His argument from 2 Corinthians 13:14 and Revelation 1:4-5 for the
lawfulness of prayer to the Holy Spirit, is, therefore, that the authoritative
benediction of blessing upon the church recorded in these passages involves
prayer to that God who is invoked in the texts for the specific blessings
mentioned. Thus, 2 Corinthians
13:14 involves a prayer to the Holy Spirit that He will produce communion in
the saints, and Revelation 1:4-5 a prayer to the Holy Spirit that He will
produce grace and peace in the saints.
What about my counter-example, “May you receive grace in the eyes of the
judge, and peace with your boss at work”?
This would be a benedictio charitativa which actually involves
an invocation of God; namely, that
God would give the person receiving the benediction favor in the eyes of a
human judge and peace with his human boss. Stated in a Trinitarian fashion like 2 Corinthians 13:14,
the statement would be: “May the
Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit give you grace in the eyes of the judge,
and peace with your boss at work.”
And this, Owen would argue, does indeed presuppose the invocation of or
prayer to all three Persons of the Godhead.
What do you think of Owen’s argument? Is he right? Why or why not?
-TDR
