The King James Version (KJV) of John 3:36 reads:
He that believeth on the Son hath everlasting life: and he that believeth not the Son shall not see life; but the wrath of God abideth on him.
The English Standard Version (ESV) reads:
Whoever believes in the Son has eternal life; whoever does not obey the Son shall not see life, but the wrath of God remains on him.
When you read the two, you see a few differences, one major one that may or may not affect or change doctrine, that being "he that believeth not the Son" versus "whoever does not obey the Son." Which is the better translation or right? Or are they both right?
When you read the English of the KJV, you might think that the first "believeth" and the second "believeth" are the same Greek words translating into the same English word. That makes sense. However, they are not the same Greek words. The first "believeth" translates pisteuo and the second, "believeth not," translates apeitheo. For that reason, the ESV and the NASV translate it "does not obey" and the NIV translates it "rejects."
Can apeitheo be translated "believeth not"? Why would the KJV translators not translate apeitheo differently than pisteuo? How much does this translational difference matter?
In a very, very long post in which he mocks those who use the King James only, Mark Ward treats the difference very seriously, like a good reason to change the King James translation. You can know with great certainty that the King James translators knew that these were two different words in John 3:36. They, however, still translated them the same, "believeth."
The modern version translators also sometimes translate apeitheo with "believe" and not "obey." The next example of its usage is Acts 14:2 and all the modern versions translate it "unbelieving," "disbelieve," and "refused to believe," the same as the KJV, "unbelieving." They do not translate, "not obey" or "disobey." The very next usage is Acts 19:9. The ESV translates the imperfect, "continued in unbelief," the NIV, "refused to believe," the KJV, "believed not," and the NASV alone, "disobedient."
In Romans 2:8, like all the modern versions, the KJV translates it, "do not obey." I give you this last example because, it shows that the KJV translators knew they could translate apeitheo, "do not obey," rather than, "believeth not." In 1 Peter 3:1, the KJV and the modern versions translate apeitheo, "obey not," but the NIV translates it, "believe not."
Here's what Friberg Lexicon, a modern lexicon, says apeitheo means:
(1) in relation to God disobey, be disobedient (RO 11.30); (2) of the most severe form of disobedience, in relation to the gospel message disbelieve, refuse to believe, be an unbeliever.
Thayer writes in his lexicon:
not to allow oneself to be persuaded; not to comply with; a. to refuse or withhold belief
The typical or normal Greek word translated "obey" in the New Testament is hupakouo. akouo is normally translated, "to hear," but with the addition of the prefix hupo, it means "to obey." Forms of that word are translated 21 times in the New Testament. It is the word used in Ephesians 6:1, "Children, obey your parents." It is always translated, "obey."
The Greek word peitho without the "a" prefix of apeitheo is translated "persuaded" in Matthew 27:20, the first usage in the New Testament, and the KJV and the modern versions all translate it, "persuaded." If persuasion is negated, it would be "not persuaded." If someone is persuaded, he believes. In Matthew 27:43, all the versions translate peitho, "trusts." "Persuaded," "convinced," and "trusted" are normal understanding of peitho. You can see this in the translation in all the versions in its 55 usages in the New Testament.
When apeitheo appears in the Septuagint, the Hebrew word is translated a majority of the times "rebelled" or "rebellious" (Dt 1:26, 9:7, 23, 24, 21:20; Josh 1:18; Ps 68:18; Is 1:23, 36:5, 50:5, 63:10, 65:2; Ez 3:27), which is compatible with "unbelief."
In the near context of John 3:36, John the Baptist preaches the superiority of the Lord Jesus Christ to his disciples, so they'll follow Jesus and not John. In verse 28, John says, "I am not the Christ." The gospel of John testifies that Jesus is the Christ. Why? So that people will believe that Jesus is the Christ and have eternal life (John 20:30-31). "The Christ" is the Messiah, a Kingly figure. John's disciples needed to believe in Jesus Christ, that is, submit to Him, follow Him, or obey Him as the Christ. This is the same as believing in Jesus Christ and not being rebellious against Christ. Louw-Nida Lexicon, another modern lexicon, says concerning apeitheo: "unwillingness or refusal to comply with the demands of some authority." This is not the same as "not obey." It is a description of unbelief, especially referring to Jesus as Messiah, the Christ, in the context.
Jesus gives testimony or witness as to why He is the Messiah. John argues for this. He wants people to be persuaded by the testimony or witness of Jesus and his own testimony or witness. The greatest reason is that someone is granted everlasting life if he believes or is persuaded by the evidence or testimony or witness. In the near context, apeitheo means, "believeth not." It is an example of a good translation.
The greater context of John presents the plan of salvation, the gospel. In the context of the gospel, apeitheo means, "believeth not." Lexicons make note of this. Those not persuaded that Jesus was the Christ by the evidence and the testimony were not believing He was the Son, Who had come from heaven. The Son points back to many Old Testament Messianic allusions, including Genesis 3:16, Genesis 12:1-3, 2 Samuel 7:12-14, Isaiah 7:14, and Isaiah 9:6.
When preaching, I believe it is good to let people know that the second "believeth" of John 3:36 is a different Greek word. It expands on the understanding of the English word "believeth," which is more than intellectual, but also volitional. Someone cannot remain rebellious against the Son, not be submitting himself to the Son, the Christ, and have everlasting life.
If the translators had translated apeitheo, "obeyeth not," that would have resulted in a lot more necessary explaining. Today, it would be regularly used to argue for works salvation by those who teach that. They would say, "You're saved by obeying the Son. So, if you don't obey Him, you won't have eternal life." On the other hand, "believing" is not in contradiction to "obeying." Unsaved people are said to "obey not the gospel of God" (1 Pet 4:17), and "obey not" translated apeitheo.
I was thinking about translators translating two different Greek words with the same English word in the same verse. One came to mind, James 1:17: "Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above." The two words translated "gift" are two different Greek words, dosis and dorema. They have two different nuances of meaning. The ESV translates it identically to the KJV. The NIV doesn't even translate the first "gift, so it's translation is "every good and perfect gift," as if there weren't even two words used. The NASV seems to take in the difference, "every good thing given and every perfect gift."
The difference between the two Greek words is that dosis puts an emphasis on the giving of the thing and dorema on the thing given. The use of both words elevates the praise to the giving and gifts of and from God the Father. The NASV tries to show that difference, but I think very few people would catch the difference in the mere reading. There are two different adjectives used too, "good" and "perfect." I know that this occurs elsewhere in the New Testament, two different Greek words translated with the same English word. I believe someone should rely on the original language understanding to define them. It's very difficult for the meaning to show up in an English word. This will happen.
Ward strains so much to argue for modern versions from John 3:36, that I'm concerned he could pull or tear a muscle. It's not worth 9 pages and over 4,500 words, like he uses. Let us rejoice that by the grace and providence of God the King James translators knew what they were doing in John 3:36 for the evangelism and then edification of English speaking people. May you be edified by reading this post in contrast to the fear and unbelief caused by that of Ward.
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